The Japan Times - Who votes for the Oscars, and how does it work?

Millions of television viewers around the globe will tune in Sunday to watch the Oscars, the glitziest night in showbiz, but most don't know how the winners are chosen.

Answer: nearly 9,500 people in the entertainment industry select the honorees. The number is again a record high this year. But who are they and how did they get to become voters?

Here is a look at the complex, sometimes confounding process that leads to the winners of the 23 Academy Awards, and the new fan favorite award:

- Who votes? -

The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences in Los Angeles had 9,487 voting members as of mid-January, according to its website.

Academy membership is divided into 17 branches -- actors, directors, producers, costume designers and so on -- and candidates must be active or otherwise have "achieved distinction" in the industry.

Applicants must be sponsored by two Academy members representing their branch.

Oscar winners and nominees are automatically considered for membership and do not need sponsors.

Applications are reviewed once a year in the spring by the Academy's Board of Governors, which has the final say on who joins the elite group.

Members used to enjoy voting rights for life but since 2016, "voting status" has been limited to 10 years, and is renewable, to avoid having voters who are no longer active in the business.

Lifetime voting rights only come after three 10-year terms. Those not active become "emeritus" members who cannot vote.

- Who are the Academy members? -

For a long time, the Academy did not reveal its voting roll, though nothing prevents a member from saying he or she can cast a ballot.

At the time of the #OscarsSoWhite uproar in 2015 and 2016, about the lack of nominees of color, the Academy revealed that of its 6,000 members, 93 percent were white and 76 percent were men. The median age was 63.

The Academy announced it would double the number of women and minority members by 2020 to foster a more diverse environment.

Last year, it admitted just 395 new members, after years of rapid expansion to meet those goals. The 2021 class was 46 percent female, 39 percent of minority background, and more than half from outside the United States.

- How are the nominees chosen? -

Members of each of the 17 branches pick the nominees in their area of expertise. The actors' branch -- the largest voting group -- submits nominations for the acting categories, directors submit nominations for best director and so on.

Nominations for certain awards, like for best international film and best animated feature, are chosen by special committees.

The entire membership votes to choose the nominees for best picture.

- How are the winners chosen? -

All voting members choose the winners.

In 22 of 23 categories, the person with the most votes is the winner.

But when it comes to the coveted best picture award, the Oscar voters have since 2009 used a complicated preferential ballot system in which they rank the films from most favorite to least favorite.

As of this year, the Academy has returned to featuring 10 nominees in the category.

If one film garners more than 50 percent of the vote outright, it automatically wins.

Otherwise, the count unfolds in rounds -- the film that received the lowest number of first-place votes is eliminated and those votes given to it are then allocated to the voters' second choice.

The process of elimination continues until there is one film left with more than 50 percent of the vote.

"The idea of the preferential ballot is to reflect the wishes of the greatest number of voters," explained Ric Robertson, who was the Academy's chief operating officer in 2009 when the process changed.

"Otherwise you might end up with a movie that, say, 25 percent of the people love and the rest can't stand," he told the Los Angeles Times.

"This way, hopefully, you have a winner that most people can live with."

- New 'fan favorite' prize -

On Sunday, a new award will be bestowed on the year's most popular film as voted for by fans, either on Twitter or a special website -- but don't call it an Oscar. The new award is not a formal category.

Movie fans were able to vote up to 20 times per day until March 3. They also were asked to choose their favorite movie "cheer moment."

The Academy is hoping the new prizes might boost flagging viewership by possibly honoring crowd-pleasing blockbusters such as "Spider-Man: No Way Home."

S.Fujimoto--JT