The Japan Times - Five things to know about the EU's landmark digital act

The European Union in September named six so-called gatekeepers and 22 of their platforms including Facebook, Instagram and LinkedIn that must adhere to the rules: Google's Alphabet, Amazon, Apple, TikTok parent ByteDance, Meta and Microsoft.

That list is expected to grow after online travel agent Booking and Elon Musk's X notified the European Commission last week that they met the criteria to be considered gatekeepers.

Here are five rules included in the law that will force the titans to change their ways.

- Save the start-ups -

Big tech companies make billions of dollars in profit every year and some of the windfall goes to scooping up start-ups and innovators.

This rankles authorities, who accuse the giants of using their war chests to snuff out potential rivals before they become a threat.

Under the new rules all buyouts, no matter how small, will have to be notified to the commission, the EU's executive arm based in Brussels.

The commission also acts as the EU's powerful competition regulator.

- Messaging unity -

After multiple scandals that hit Meta-owned Facebook, many users chose to swap the giant's Messenger or WhatsApp messaging services for alternatives, such as Signal or Telegram.

Yet the market power of Meta's services remains strong, making it difficult for WhatsApp dissenters to keep messaging links with family and friends.

To solve this, the DMA imposes interoperability between messaging apps, all while demanding that communications remain encrypted from user to user.

- Fair shopping on Amazon -

Amazon is a major shopping platform for thousands of companies to sell their wares online. But suspicions are rife that the online giant abuses its role as a marketplace to better position its own products as a retailer.

The DMA will ban this conflict of interest, as well as demand that the gatekeepers share key information with business customers.

- Open the App Store -

Around the world, Apple has defended the sanctity of its App Store, barring companies from using their own payment systems or for apps to be downloaded outside the Apple store.

Despite its warnings that opening up iPhones would pose a security threat, the DMA will force Apple to give ground on both those fronts.

Apple has said it will comply, but app developers and some digital companies, including Swedish music streaming giant Spotify, have accused it of acting in bad faith with changes that create prohibitive new costs for rivals.

Failure to comply with the DMA could carry fines in the billions of dollars -- big enough even for the world's biggest company by market value to pay attention.

Repeat offenders would see fines of 20 percent of their global turnover.

Any gatekeeper platform that locks in customers to use pre-installed services, such as a web browser, mapping or weather information, will also face fines.

- Ad transparency -

Google's search engine and Meta's Facebook and Instagram are the world's biggest online advertisers, a status that critics say the companies abuse by accumulating valuable data about customers and keeping it to themselves.

The DMA will force the tech giants to reveal much more to advertisers and publishers on how their ads work and on an ad's actual effectiveness.

This will make companies less beholden to Google or Facebook for understanding their customers and potentially encourage firms to get their message out in new ways.

Y.Watanabe--JT